Brucellosis: A menace in livestock production

The causal organism of brucellosis in the various species is Brucella abortus in cattle, Brucella melitensis (Ovis) in sheep and Brucella suis in pigs.

Worms- How do you treat infected livestock

Cause
Worms living in the intestines of chickens fall mainly into four  categories.
1. Roundworms (Ascarid), usually 5 to 7 cm (2-3 inches) long.
2. Hair worms (Capillaria), only measure 1-1.5 cm long.
3. Caecal worms (Heterakis), usually 1.5 cm long.
4. Tape worms (Raillietina, Davainea),  usually 7 to 10 cm long, consisting of many small segments.

Newcastle Disease (ND)

Cause
 Newcastle disease is caused by a Paramyxovirus (APMV-1). Only one serotype of ND is known. ND virus has mild strains (lentogenic), medium strength strains (mesogenic), and virulent strains (velogenic).
The strains used for live vaccines are mainly lentogenic.

Transmission
 Newcastle disease virus is highly contagious through infected droppings and respiratory discharge between birds. Spread between farms is by infected equipment, trucks, personnel, wild birds or air. The incubation period is variable but usually about 3 to 6 days.

Infectious Coryza

Cause
This is a bacterial disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, (in the past known as Haemophilus paragallinarum). There are 3 common serotypes, representing different immunotypes: A, B, C.

Transmission
The disease spreads from bird to bird and flock to flock by contact and airborne infected dust particles and via the drinking water. Spread by equipment and personnel have also been reported. The incubation period varies from 1 to 3 days.

Aspergillosis (Fungal Pneumonia)

Cause
The principal fungus causing Aspergillosis in poultry is Aspergillus fumigatus.

Transmission
Transmission is by inhalation of fungus spores from contaminated litter (e.g. wood shavings, straw) or contaminated feed. Hatcheries may also contribute to infection of chicks.

Blights

The common names of plant diseases often reflect the type of symptom they cause. If you can identify the symptoms as a blight or wilt, for example, you may be able to successfully take steps to limit the disease, even if you don't know the specific pathogen causing the infection.  Here are the most common garden plant diseases and disorders.

Remember: If you're considering applying a spray or dust, take time to identify the specific disease problem first so that you apply the appropriate product at the correct time to be effective.

PLANT DISEASES

Anthracnose
Anthracnose, or bird's-eye spot, is a fungal disease. It causes small dead spots that often have a raised border and a sunken center, and that may have concentric rings of pink and brown.

Bean anthracnose infects beans and other legumes. The symptoms are most obvious on the pods as circular, black, sunken spots that may ooze pink slime and develop red borders as they age. To control, buy disease-free seed, rotate crops, turn under or hot-compost infected plants, and avoid touching plants when they are wet so you won't spread the disease.

Wilts

WILTS
Plants wilt when they don't get enough water. When fungi or bacteria attack or clog a plant's water-conducting system, they can cause permanent wilting, often followed by the death of all or part of the plant. Wilt symptoms may resemble those of blights.

Rusts

RUSTS
Rusts are a specific type of fungal disease. Many of them require two different plant species as hosts to complete their life cycle. Typical rust symptoms include a powdery tan to rust-colored coating. Applying neem oil can help prevent rust by killing spores on the leaves.

Rots

ROTS
Rots are diseases that decay roots, stems, wood, flowers, and fruit. Some diseases cause leaves to rot, but those symptoms tend to be described as leaf spots and blights. Rots can be soft and squishy or hard and dry. They are caused by various bacteria and fungi. Many are very active in stored fruits, roots, bulbs, or tubers.

Cankers

CANKERS
Cankers usually form on woody stems and may be cracks, sunken areas, or raised areas of dead or abnormal tissue. Sometimes they ooze conspicuously, and can girdle shoots or trunks, causing everything above to wilt and die. Blights and diebacks due to cankers look quite similar. Cold-injury symptoms may look like, or lead to the development of, cankers and diebacks.

Avian Encephalomyelitis, Epidemic Tremors

Introduction
Avian encephalomyelitis is a viral disease of the central nervous system of chickens, pheasants, turkeys, and quail. It has a worldwide distribution.
Morbidity 5-60% depending on the immune status of the majority of parents, mortality high. Vertical transmission is very important, transmission
occurs over about 1-2 weeks, some lateral. The route of infection is transovarian with an incubation period of 1-7 days; lateral transmission is probably by the oral route, incubation >10 days. Virus in faeces may survive 4 weeks or more.

Fowl Cholera, Pasteurellosis

Introduction
Fowl Cholera is a serious, highly contagious disease.
Fowl Cholera, Pasteurellosis disease caused by the bacterium Pasteurella
multocida in a range of avian species including chickens, turkeys, and water fowl, (increasing order of susceptibility). It is seen worldwide and was one of the first infectious diseases to be recognised, by Louis Pasteur in 1880.

Peste des Petits Ruminants

Overview of Peste des Petits Ruminants
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute or sub acute viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia. It was first reported in the Ivory Coast in 1942 and subsequently in Senegal, Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria. Sheep and goats are probably equally susceptible to the virus, but sheep may be somewhat more resistant to its clinical effects.